Meaning and methods to compute National Income India notes-CSEET

Meaning and methods to compute National Income India:

ICSI CSEET: The Council of the ICSI has released a notice regarding CSEET on the day of the inauguration of ICSI Golden Jubilee Celebrations on 4th Oct 2017.

The Gazette Notification on the Company Secretaries (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 has been published on 3^rd February 2020 in the Official Gazette of India and the same shall be applicable from the said date of publication.

Now ICSI Published a notice regarding CSEET Test which going to start from 2020 May.

We are now going to discuss the details of CSEET Paper-3 Economics and Business Environment notes – Meaning and methods to compute National Income India

Meaning and methods to compute National Income India

Meaning and methods to compute National Income India:

INTRODUCTION

National income is an uncertain term which is used interchangeably with national dividend, national output and national expenditure. On this basis, national income has been defined in a number of ways. In common parlance, national income means the total value of goods and services produced annually in a country.

In other words, the total amount of income accruing to a country from economic activities in a year’s time is known as national income. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent and profits.

National Income or Net National Income is Gross National Income or Gross National Product less depreciation. It is to be noted that National Income includes Net Factor Income Earned from Abroad also. While computing National Income only finished or final goods are considered as factoring intermediate goods used for manufacturing would amount to double counting. It includes taxes but does not include subsidies.

METHODS TO MEASURE NATIONAL INCOME

There are three methods of measuring national income of a country. They yield the same result. These methods are:

(1)   The Product Method or Value Added Method.

(2)   The Income Method.

(3)   The Expenditure Method

(1)   The Product Method : The Product method measures the contribution of each producing enterprise in the domestic territory of the country. This method involves the following steps:

(a)   Identifying the producing enterprise and classifying them into individual sectors according to their activities.

(b)   Estimating net value added by each producing enterprise as well as each industrial sector and adding up the net value added by all the sectors.

Goods and services are counted in gross domestic product (GDP) at their market values. The product approach defines a nation’s gross product as that market value of goods and services currently produced within a nation during a one year period of time.

The product approach measuring national income involves adding up the value of all the final goods and services produced in the country during the year. Here we focus on various sectors of the economy and add up all their production during the year. The main sectors whose production value is added up are:

(i)    agriculture (ii) manufacturing (iii) construction (iv) transport and communication (v) banking (vi) administration and defence and (vii) distribution of income.

Precautions for Product Method or Value Added Method

(i)    Problem of double counting : When we add up the value of output of various sectors, we should be careful to avoid double counting. This pitfall can be avoided by either counting (he final value of the output or by including the extra value that each firm adds to an item.

(ii)   Value addition in particular year : While calculating national income, the values of goods added in the particular year in question are added up. The values which had previously been added to the stocks of raw material and goods have to be ignored. GDP thus includes only those goods, and services that are newly produced within the current period.

(iii)   Stock appreciation : Stock appreciation, if any, must be deducted from value added. This is necessary as there is no real increase in output.

(iv)  Production for self consumption : The production of goods for self consumption should be counted while measuring national income. In this method, the production of goods for self consumption should be valued at the prevailing market prices.

(2)   Expenditure Method : The expenditure approach measures national income as total spending on final goods and services produced within nation during a year. The expenditure approach to measuring national income is to add up all expenditures made for final goods and services at current market prices by households, firms and government during a year. Total aggregate final expenditure on final output thus is the sum of four broad categories of expenditures:

(i)    Consumption (ii) Investment (iii) Government and (iv) Net export.

(i)    Consumption expenditure (C) : Consumption expenditure is the largest component of national income. It includes expenditure on all goods and services produced and sold to the final consumer during the year.

(ii)   Investment expenditure (I) : Investment is the use of today’s resources to expand tomorrow’s production or consumption. Investment expenditure is expenditure incurred on by business firms on (a) new plants, (b) adding to the stock of inventories and (c) on newly constructed houses.

(iii)   Government expenditure (G) : It is the second largest component of national income. It includes all government expenditure on currently produced goods and services but excludes transfer payments while computing national income.

(iv)  Net exports (X – M) : Net exports are defined as total exports minus total imports. National income calculated from the expenditure side is the sum of final consumption expenditure, expenditure by business on plants, government spending and net exports.

Precautions for Expenditure Method

(i)    The expenditure on second hand goods should not be included as they do not contribute to the current year’s production of goods.

(ii)   Similarly, expenditure on purchase of old shares and bonds is not included as these also do not represent expenditure on currently produced goods and services.

(iii)   Expenditure on transfer payments by government such as unemployment benefit, old age pensions, interest on public debt should also not be included because no productive service is rendered in exchange by recipients of these payments.

(3)   Income Method : Income approach is another alternative way of computing national income, This method seeks to measure national income at the phase of distribution. In the production process of an economy, the factors of production are engaged by the enterprises. They are paid money incomes for their participation in the production. The payments received by the factors and paid by the enterprises are wages, rent, interest and profit. National income thus may be defined as the sum of wages, rent, interest and profit received or occurred to the factors of production in lieu of their services in the production of goods. Briefly, national income is the sum of all income, wages, rents, interest and profit paid to the four factors of production. The four categories of payments are briefly described below:

(i)    Wages : It is the largest component of national income. It consists of wages and salaries along with fringe benefits and unemployment insurance.

(ii)   Rents : Rents are the income from properly received by households.

(iii)   Interest : Interest is the income private businesses pay to households who have lent the business money.

(iv)  Profits: Profits are normally divided into two categories (a) profits of incorporated businesses and (b) profits of unincorporated businesses (sole proprietorship, partnerships and producers cooperatives).

Precautions for Income Method

While estimating national income through income method, the following precautions should be undertaken.

(i)    Transfer payments such as gifts, donations, scholarships, indirect taxes should not be included in the estimation of national income.

(ii)   Illegal money earned through smuggling and gambling should not be included.

(iii)   Windfall gains such as prizes won, lotteries etc. is not be included in the estimation of national income.

(iv)  Receipts from the sale of financial assets such as shares, bonds should not be included in measuring national income as they are not related to generation of income in the current year production of goods.

Along with Meaning and methods to compute National Income India notes, Check our other best free resources of CSEET-

Most dedicated CSEET YouTube Channel

Best CSEET Video Classes by India’s Top Gold Medalist Faculty

Join Most dedicated CSEET Telegram Channel